Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm lub laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) yog raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo. Los ntawm ntau cov qauv tsim thiab cov qauv tsim, lasers tsim cov kab teeb ci nrog kev sib raug zoo, monochromaticity, thiab ci ntsa iab. Lasers tau siv dav hauv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, suav nrog hauv kev sib txuas lus, tshuaj, kev tsim khoom, kev ntsuas, thiab kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Lawv cov kev ua haujlwm siab thiab cov yam ntxwv tswj tau zoo ua rau lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov thev naus laus zis. Hauv qab no yog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lasers thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm ntau hom lasers.
1. Ua kom muaj pa tawm
Stimulated emissionyog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tom qab laser tiam, thawj zaug los ntawm Einstein nyob rau hauv 1917. Qhov tshwm sim no piav qhia yuav ua li cas ntau coherent photons raug tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb thiab zoo siab-lub xeev teeb meem. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo dua emissions, cia peb pib nrog spontaneous emission:
Spontaneous Emission: Nyob rau hauv atoms, molecules, los yog lwm yam microscopic hais, electrons tuaj yeem nqus tau sab nraud lub zog (xws li hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob kho qhov muag) thiab hloov mus rau qib siab dua, hu ua lub xeev zoo siab. Txawm li cas los xij, lub xeev cov hluav taws xob zoo siab tsis ruaj khov thiab yuav rov qab mus rau qib qis zog, hu ua hauv av xeev, tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, lub electron tso ib tug photon, uas yog spontaneous emission. Xws li photons yog random nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm zaus, theem, thiab kev taw qhia, thiab yog li tsis muaj coherence.
Stimulated Emission: Tus yuam sij rau kev txhawb nqa emission yog tias thaum lub xeev zoo siab-xeev electron ntsib photon nrog lub zog sib piv nws lub zog hloov pauv, photon tuaj yeem ua rau cov hluav taws xob rov qab mus rau hauv av hauv lub xeev thaum tso tawm photon tshiab. Tus tshiab photon zoo ib yam li tus thawj ib yam ntawm cov zaus, theem, thiab kev nthuav tawm kev taw qhia, uas ua rau muaj teeb pom kev zoo. Qhov tshwm sim no ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus lej thiab lub zog ntawm photons thiab yog lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm lasers.
Cov lus pom zoo los ntawm Stimulated Emission: Hauv kev tsim cov lasers, cov txheej txheem txhawb nqa emission tau rov ua dua ntau zaus, thiab qhov kev tawm tswv yim zoo no tuaj yeem ua kom cov photons ntau ntxiv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug resonant kab noj hniav, lub coherence ntawm photons yog tswj, thiab kev siv ntawm lub teeb beam yog tsis tu ncua nce.
2. Tau qhov nruab nrab
Covnce nruab nrabyog cov khoom tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub laser uas txiav txim siab lub amplification ntawm photons thiab lub laser tso zis. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev rau kev txhawb nqa emission, thiab nws cov khoom txiav txim siab qhov zaus, wavelength, thiab tso zis zog ntawm lub laser. Hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov nce nruab nrab ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv thov thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub laser.
Excitation Mechanism: Electrons nyob rau hauv qhov nce nruab nrab yuav tsum tau zoo siab rau lub zog siab dua los ntawm lub zog sab nraud. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau ua tiav los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud. Common excitation mechanisms muaj xws li:
Hluav taws xob twj tso kua mis: Txaus siab rau cov electrons hauv qhov nruab nrab nce los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tam sim no.
Optical Pumping: Txaus siab rau qhov nruab nrab nrog lub teeb ci (xws li lub teeb nyem lossis lwm lub laser).
Zog Qib System: Electrons nyob rau hauv qhov nruab nrab nce yog feem ntau faib nyob rau hauv tej theem zog. Feem ntau yogob-theem systemsthiabplaub-theem systems. Nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim ob-theem system, electrons hloov los ntawm lub hauv av xeev mus rau lub zoo siab lub xeev thiab ces rov qab mus rau hauv av lub xeev los ntawm stimulated emission. Nyob rau hauv plaub-theem system, electrons tau hloov pauv ntau dua ntawm cov qib zog sib txawv, feem ntau ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo dua.
Hom Gain Media:
Gas nce nruab nrab: Piv txwv li, helium-neon (He-Ne) lasers. Gas nce media paub txog lawv cov zis ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov wavelength, thiab tau dav siv los ua cov qauv teeb pom kev zoo hauv cov chaw sim.
Liquid Gain Medium: Piv txwv li, dye lasers. Dye molecules muaj zoo excitation zog hla ntau wavelengths, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau tunable lasers.
Khoom Tau Txais Nruab Nrab: Piv txwv li, Nd (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) lasers. Cov lasers no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj zog, thiab tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam txiav, vuam, thiab kev siv kho mob.
Semiconductor Tau Txais Nruab Nrab: Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv gallium arsenide (GaAs) yog siv dav hauv kev sib txuas lus thiab optoelectronic li xws li laser diodes.
3. Resonator Cavity
Covresonator kab noj hniavyog ib qho kev tivthaiv nyob rau hauv lub laser siv rau kev tawm tswv yim thiab amplification. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho tus naj npawb ntawm cov photons uas tsim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa emission los ntawm kev xav thiab nthuav tawm hauv cov kab noj hniav, yog li tsim kom muaj zog thiab tsom mus rau laser tso zis.
Cov qauv ntawm Resonator Cavity: Nws feem ntau muaj ob daim iav sib luag. Ib qho yog ib daim iav tsom iav, lub npe hu uaiav rear, thiab lwm yam yog ib feem ntawm daim iav, lub npe hu uatso zis iav. Photons cuam tshuam rov qab thiab tawm hauv kab noj hniav thiab nthuav dav los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog qhov nruab nrab nce.
Resonance Condition: Tus tsim ntawm lub resonator kab noj hniav yuav tsum ua tau raws li tej yam kev mob, xws li xyuas kom meej tias photons tsim tsis nyob rau hauv lub kab noj hniav. Qhov no yuav tsum tau cov kab noj hniav ntev los ua ntau yam ntawm laser wavelength. Tsuas yog lub teeb nthwv dej uas ua tau raws li cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov kab noj hniav.
Tso zis Beam: Ib feem ntawm daim iav tso cai rau ib feem ntawm lub teeb ci ntsa iab kom dhau mus, ua rau lub laser cov zis tawm. Cov kab no muaj cov kev taw qhia siab, coherence, thiab monochromaticity.
Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv lossis xav paub lasers, thov hu rau peb:
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Lub sij hawm xa tuaj: Sep-18-2024